þÿ<H2>To say that a constitution is based upon the principle of the separation of powers is a pithy description of how the constitution works.  But different constitutions apply this principle in their own ways and a court can concern itself only with the actual constitution and not with what it thinks might have been an ideal one.</H2>

<p>Lord Hoffmann, Boyce & Joseph v. the Queen, JCPC Bdos.</p>


<H2>Residual power vs. Specified spheres</H2>
<H2>Canadian vs. American</H2>

<H2>Powers exercised by Mayor (see NYC city Charter)</H2>
<UL>
<LI>mayoral veto (s.37)</LI>
<LI>appoints chair and majority of planning commission (s.192)</LI>
<UL><LI>council appoints none</LI></UL>
<LI>initiates:</LI>
<UL><LI>franchises</LI>
<LI>other legislation</LI></UL>
<LI>residual power to appoint/remove officials (s.6)</LI>
<LI>establishment and implementation of processes (s.7)</LI>
<LI>creation/abolition of bureaus within his office (s.7)</LI>
<LI>veto of Council decisions (s.255)</LI>
</UL>


<H2>Continuity becomes significant</H2>
<UL>
<LI>mayoral power leads to creation of enduring changes</LI>
<UL><LI>QOL policing under Giuliani/Bloomberg</LI></UL>
<LI>mayoral weakness leads to temporary changes</LI>
</UL>

<H2>Council brought in primarily through budget process</H2>
<UL>
<LI>investigation under s.29</LI>
<LI>approval of some mayoral appointments (s.31)</LI>
<UL><LI>civil service commission</LI>
<LI>arts/heritage commission</LI>
<LI>city planning</LI>
<LI>board of health</LI>
<LI>tax</LI>
<LI>taxi/limousine</LI>
</UL>
<LI>limited power to amend budget (254)</LI>
</UL>
<H2>Canadian Cities Don t</H2>

<P>132.The powers of the City shall be exercised by city council.  2006, c.11, Sched. (1).</P>
<P>152.(1)The Lieutenant Governor in Council may make regulations,
<UL><LI>(a)  requiring the City to establish an executive committee from among the members of council and prescribing the composition, powers and duties of the committee, including, for example, requiring the committee to provide strategic directions for the City;</LI></UL></P>